Ф1400mm尿素合成塔设计

机械设计制造及其自动化论文，论文编号:JX1456  论文字数:9812.页数:55  附任务书，开题报告，文献综述，外文翻译，CAD图

摘  要
 尿素合成塔是一个高压容器，所以筒体壁很厚，要采用多层钢板包扎，考虑到是高压，所以采用绕带式，它的好处是只漏不爆。在反应的过程中会产生腐蚀性物质，所以不管是筒体内壁还是进出口接管都要采用防腐材料。由于塔比较高，考虑到外界因素的影响，因此要对塔进行风弯距载荷和地震载荷的校核。塔盘的设计是很重要的，它的好坏直接影响到塔的工作效率，设计的塔盘要使反应物充分接触，才能提高效率。本塔有筛板和旋流板两种，旋流板的分布是相临两块要方向相反，使反应物均匀分布。塔内的温度要保持稳定，避免大的浮动，导致反应不能正常进行。
 目前生产的尿素合成塔普遍采用单个筒节多层包扎后再焊接环焊缝的深环焊缝结构，因结构所致不能进行焊后热处理，环焊缝部位存在较大的应力集中，且焊接缺陷不易检测。鉴此原因，尿素合成塔应当尽可能避免采用深环焊缝结构，而宜选用其他结构形式。对直径小于等于1800mm的尿素合成塔，逐步采用整体多层包扎结构，具体要求可参照化工行业标准《整体多层夹紧式高压容器》（HG3129），其层板间的环焊缝和纵焊缝应分别相互错开，相邻层板两条环焊缝间轴向距离不得小于100mm（封头与筒体的环焊缝除外）。脆性断裂以及抗应力腐蚀开裂都有重大的影响，这些缺陷,尤其是焊接裂纹类缺陷危害极大,一旦扩展到临界状态,将随时可能引起灾难性的事故。
关键词：合成塔 尿素 结构设计 强度校核

Abstract
 The urea synthetic tower is a high pressure container, therefore the tube experiences and observes wall very thickly , need to adopt multilayer steel plate wrap up, think to being high-handed, adopt therefore to go round simultaneous style, its benefit is to miss and not explode only.May produce corrosivity matter in the process of reaction , needing to adopt preservative material therefore Neibi is still import and export taking over disregarding being the tube body. Consider the effect arriving at the external world factor since the tower is comparatively high, want the core carrying out the wind turn school from loading and earthquake loading on the tower therefore. The tower tray design is very important , its goodness and badness has direct impact to the availability to the tower , the essential messenger of tower tray reaction thing designing that touches sufficiently , ability gets on the stick. The tower has two kinds sieve plate and whorl stream board , that unnatural distribution of whorl stream is that direction is contrary face a two piece of essential points each other, uses the reaction thing uniform distribution. Tower inner temperature is asked to maintain stability , is avoid big relocatability, lead to reaction can not be in progress regularly.
 The urea synthetic tower giving birth to a child at present adopt single tubes to save multilayer wrapping up the deep ring brazing seam structure soldering the ring brazing seam again the day afer tomorrow commonly , solder queen heat treatment because of being caused by structure being able to not be in progress, the ring brazing seam there exists detecting no easier to concentrate a defect, and solder than big strain in location. This cause , the urea synthetic tower try one's best to avoid warning naturally adopt depths to be encircled by brazing seam structure, but suitable select and use other structure form. The urea synthetic tower being equal or less than 1800 mms to the diameter, adopt overall multilayer to wrap up structure step by step , demands the chemical industry industry standard "overall multilayer clamps the dyadic high-handed container " but consults (HG3129) concretely, the ring brazing seam and longitudinal brazing seam among whose laminated board should be smaller than 100 mms axial distance not to between respectively mutually, staggering , bordering the laminated board two rings brazing seam (the ring brazing seam conferring the body upon the head and the tube should not include). Brittleness breaks and resist strain corrosion splitting having significant effect , these defects, especially soldering the crack kind defect damage maximum , expanding to critical state in a single day, will may arouse the catastrophic accident at any time.
 
Keywords：he synthetic tower  urea  physical design  intensity is proofreaded
目 录
摘  要 1
目 录 4
第一章 前言 6
1.1尿素的作用 6
1.2尿素的合成 7
1.3层板包扎筒体与绕带式筒体 7
第二章 塔设备结构设计的计算 8
2.1塔体的有效容积和塔高的计算 8
2.1.2塔高 8
2.2筒体、封头及管子的材料与规格 9
2.2.1筒体： 9
2.2.2封头： 9
2.2.3管子： 9
2.3多层壳体的壁厚计算 10
2.4筒体的结构设计 10
2.5.密封设计 11
2.5.1瓶盖与紧缩口封头间的密封 11
2.5.2车接管路间的密封 11
2.5.3双锥面密封设计 11
2.6端盖，封头的计算与校核 15
2.6.1上封头的计算与校核 15
2.6.2紧缩口封头的计算与校核 17
2.6.3下封头的计算与校核 21
2.7 开孔补强设计 22
2.7.1平盖补强设计 22
2.7.2底封头的开孔补强 23
2.7.3筒体两个温度计接口 24
2.8 衬里设计 24
2.8.1衬里设计 24
2.8.2筒体衬里 24
2.8.3底封头衬里 24
2.9 塔盘设计 25
2.10筒体整体设计 25
第三章 塔设备机械设计计算 27
3.1.塔计算 27
3.1.1各种载荷计算 27
3.1.2风载荷及风弯矩计算 30
3.1.3地震弯矩计算 34
3.1.4各种载荷引起的轴向应力 36
3.1.5塔体和群座危险截面的强度与稳定校核 38
3.1.6塔体水压试验和吊装时的应力校核 42
3.2 基础环设计 44
3.3 地脚螺栓设计 47
3.4裙座和筒体的连接焊缝的验算 49
3.5群座的验算 50
第四章 设计小结 52
参考文献 53
致   谢 54