2.2 History

Historical culture is the culture formed by the specific process of history development and social heritage. Different country has different history, and formed different culture. One important aspect of historical culture is allusion, and there are a lot of allusions in both English and Chinese. They are simple, meaningful, and cannot understand and translate literally. Only well understand these allusions can we translate accurately. 

2.2.1 There are many allusions from English masterworks and Bibles, for example, The English saying “the apple of one’s eye”, it’s from Bible said “Keep me as the apple of the eye”. And from 9 century, the phrase of “the apple of one’s eye” is widely used. For example,” Lucy is the apple of her grandmother's eye.” We take “The salt of the earth” for another example, according to the bible, Jesus said to his disciples:“You are the salt of the earth, but if the salt have lost its savor, where with shall it be salted? Here, salt is translated to “elite of the world”. Jesus said this at the end of the Gospel, since he compared his disciples to "salt", it obviously shows his high praise. Actually, salt is very valuable since the ancient times, and is considered to be "noble" - The Roman soldiers have special allowance for salt. In the era of Elizabeth, there is a salt shaker on the nobles’ table with the honored guests sit above it to show respect. Therefore, there is a saying “please sit above the salt.” e.g. When I entered the banquet hall, they all stood up and asked me to sit above the salt. There are also many allusions and idioms like “people’s web”, “paint the lily”, “cut the Gordian’s knot” etc. To understand these allusions thoroughly, we need to have enough knowledge of the Western history cultures.  

2.2.2 At the same time, there are also many idioms related to allusions in China. For example, ” 狗咬吕洞宾,不识好人心” in Chinese, it will confuse the English reader if we translate it to “dog bite lu Tungping and does not know his good heart”, So we translate it to “Like the dog bite Lu Tungping--you bite the hand that feeds you”. Here “you bite the hand that feeds you” is added to make it easier for understanding. Another example, “三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮” we should translate is as “two heads are better than one”. There are also many other idioms and their stories, for example, “卧薪尝胆””负荆请罪””司马昭之心，路人皆知” and so on. Therefore, familiar with different cultures have twice the result with half the effort in the translation. And can make our translation more authentic and more in line with the need for both the original text and the reader.

 

2.3 Religion

Religious culture is a series of cultures which are produced by people's different religious beliefs. Language and religious culture are penetrated and integrated. With different religious beliefs, their language is correspondingly not the same.

2.3.1 In the west, people are mainly Christian, God is sovereign and everything in the world is arranged according to god’s will. Therefore there are many allusions and proverbs related to “god”, such as "keep oneself to oneself, not a beast or a god ". 

“The devil lurks (or sits) behind the cross.” Here “devil” and “ cross” are from Bible.

There are many similar sentences like “The devil can site Scripture for his purpose.“ “Crosses are ladders to heaven.etc.” 

2.3.2 In China, Buddhism has the most profound influence. It has been introduced into China for more than one thousand years. Chinese believed that "Buddha Lord" is dominating everything in the world. There are many idioms related to it, such as   “借花献佛”(present Buddha with borrowed flowers), “临时抱佛脚”（clasp Buddha's feet when in dire need, but refuse to burn incense when all is well.） and “跑了和尚跑不了庙” ( no excuse found to escape from punishment / now here for one to hide from the penalty.)

In view of the above differences between Chinese and western religious culture, we realize that religion is a very important part of culture and has a great impact on language. The translator in the translation should pay attention to language change for religious differences.

2.4 View of Value and Life

Different way of thinking is due to different geography, physiology and psychology. And the different cultures is to a large extent determine people’s way of thinking. When translators are engaged in translation, they should cross the cultural gap between east and west, deeply understanding the differences of two thinking patterns.

2.4.1 The difference of individual thinking and overall thinking. 

Western people with individual thinking, they emphasize on individual freedom, and personal value is the highest. They stressed that all men are created equal and individual-centered. For example, there is an English saying“God help those that help themselves”(自助者天助).”self is our centre.”(自我是我们的核心). Chinese culture is in whole thinking mode, and they attach great importance to harmony and unity and pay highly attention to the relationships between each other. For example “四海之内皆兄弟”，”在家靠父母，出门靠朋友”.

2.4.2 The specific thinking and abstract thinking

This way of thinking is come from the different nation’s cultures. The detail is the English people are good at abstract thinking--use the general abstract nouns to express specific material. While the Chinese pay attention to use the specific image for expression. For example,”…for what can be prettier than an image of love on his knees before beauty?” The Chinese translation is 痴情公子向美貌佳人跪下求婚，这不是一副最爽心悦目的画吗？Here if the translator do not know the cultural difference between Chinese and Western and translate “love” and “beauty” into “爱情”and “美貌”, the readers will be thoroughly misunderstanding. Another example, A car in front of me and I missed the green. The Chinese translation is “一辆车在我前面使我错过了绿过。” Here the green is abstract and green light is specific.

From the above we know that the Chinese and western way of thinking is quite different, which makes the different expressions for Chinese and western languages. While translating, only the translators understand thoroughly the different way of thinking, can they to a large extent translate good works.

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以上为本篇毕业论文范文The influence of Western-eastern cultural differences on translation(三)的介绍部分。

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