3. Measures Taken in Translation Aiming at Cultural Diversity

The highest standard of translation is, except completely transfer of the original meaning, the translators should also ensure that the translation is in line with the readers’ language habits and can be understood and accepted, this is actually very difficult to reach. To achieve this goal, the translators should not only know the culture differences between the two languages but also need to use various methods flexibly. There are many translation methods in face of the culture differences, in this article, we mainly introduce the common methods of Foreignizing Translation, domesticating translation, literal translation, etc.

3.1 Foreignizating translation 

Venuti is the representative of foreignization, his explanation is to try to keep the original language and cultural features, make the translation close to the source text.

This can not only enrich and reproduce the expressiveness of the translation, and make readers a deeper understanding of the original text. But also make it easier for the readers' to understand the different cultures. This is also the essence of translation.

For example, the Chinese saying “狗咬吕洞兵，不识好人心.” Mr. Yang zhongxuan translate it as “Like a dog bite Lu Tungpin-You bite the hands that feed you”. This translation makes English readers understand the meaning, at the same time, they also know of the Chinese historical person “Lu Tungpin”. If only translate it to “ You bite the hands that feed you.” Although it can express the meaning of the original, but neglects the cultural features of the source language. There are also many other phrases that need to translate with foreignizing. Such as “以眼还眼，以牙还牙”translated into “An eye for An eye, a tooth for a tooth” ,“功夫”directly translated into "kung fu", “纸老虎”translated as" paper tiger ", “象牙塔"with translation” ivory tower "and so on.

Foreignizating, to ensure the accurate of semantics, is using the same way of expression as original. However, no single translation method can be used for the whole translation work. If excessive attention to the equivalence of structure and semantic of the two languages influence the readers’ understanding of the original language or not conform to the readers’ language habit, the translators need to use other translation methods.  

3.2 Domestication Translation 

domestication is centered on target language, and translates according to readers cultures and habits, which make it easier for the reader to understand the original works according to their knowledge.  

For example：1. One boy is a boy，two boys half a boy，three boys no boy. 

Translation A 一个小孩是一个小孩，两个小孩算半个小孩，三个小孩等于没有小孩。 

Translation B 一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。

We use literal translation for translation A which make the readers confused and don’t understand the exact meaning. The translation B version with domestication translation which is not only express well the original text but also conform to the language habit of the target language readers, it’s easier for the readers to accept.    

 Another example: Last night I heard him driving his pig to market.  We translate it as” 昨夜我听到他鼾声如雷.”

There are also many phrases with domestication translation: as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪   as stubborn as a mule 犟得像牛   seek a hare in a hen's nest 缘木求鱼   as dumb as an oyster 守口如瓶 and so on. 

Briefly, the domestication method is to make the target language readers more easily to understand, this will more or less sacrifice the exotic features and characteristics of the original.

3.3Literal translation

Literal translation is a method of translation that preserves both the original content and the original structure, especially to retain the language characteristics in the originals. From this aspect, literal translation helps to preserve the original style, and contributes to continuously introduce from foreign countries the new and vivid words, syntax structure and expression methods, which can improve the translators' translation level.

And when the original language and target language have a common expression, literal translation is the most fast and effective method.

For example, “sour grape”is translated to“酸葡萄”in Chinese. “Domino effect”译为“多米诺效应”, “Judas’kiss”译为“犹大之吻”,“lame duck”译为“跛鸭”

These phrases are adopted the approach of literal translation, this can on the one hand preserve the style of the source text, and on the other hand easier for the readers to understand the translation.

However, in many cases, literal translation brings with it too much characteristics and exotic style of the original language. So in order to suit the requirements of easy to understand, the translators must take other methods of translation, namely, liberal translation.

3.4 Liberal translation  

If the source language and target language both inconformity in form and content, then the literal translation will not be able to preserve the integrity of the content of the source language. In this case, we need to use liberal translation. 

In order to translate completely and accurately, liberal translation, also called free translation, need to abandon the form of the original and translate according to the habit of target language.

 For example, Chinese saying ”巧妇难为无米之炊”, we use liberal method to translate it as “ one cannot make bricks without straw” is more suitable. If we translate it to “even the cleverest woman cannot cook without rice”, the English readers will be confused, because they are mainly bread-based and with seldom rice. In this way, free translation is better. Another example, “说曹操，曹操到”, translate it to “ talk the devil then he will appear” is more suitable. If we translate it directly to “talk of caocao then caocao comes” will confuse the English readers. 

In fact, in the translation, we can't just use one translation method but ignoring the others. Actually, all translation methods are complementary and indivisible. While translating, we need to analyze case by case, and use a variety of flexible combination of the translation methods.

. 

4Conclusion

Above all, it is obviously that the China-western cultural differences exist in all stage of human civilization. Every country has its own characteristics. Culture not only decides the way people speak but also determines the way people think and behavior. The relationship between language and culture determines the relationship between translation and culture. Therefore, in order to preserve the culture characteristic of the original language, and at the same time make the translation works readable and faithful to the original text in both form and meaning, the translators should not only pay attention to the language differences but also pay attention to the cultural differences. Actually, for successful translators, familiar with two cultures is more important than master two languages, since words are meaningful only in the cultural background. Therefore, for a qualified translator, master two different cultures is same important as to master the two languages. And at the same time, the translators should use different translation methods according to the different cultural background. While translating, the translator should first thoroughly understand the author’s attitude and his main idea about the text, then translating the original text according to the basic translation principles and methods. Only in this way can we say the translator is responsible for both the author and the reader. 

Reference:

[1]胡文仲.《中英文化习俗比较》.外语教学与研究出版社，1998.10

[2]李瑞华.《英汉语言比较》.上海外语教育出版社，1996.

[3]刘宓庆.《英汉对比研究与翻译》.江西教育出版社，1991.

[4]赵里奇.《民族文化心理结构的探寻》.《缀玉集》

[5] 郭建中.文化与翻泽M. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司 ,  1999. 

 [6] 黄天源.直译和意译新探J . 四川外语学院学报 ,1998  (1) :74 - 78.

[7] N ID A Eugene A ． Language， Culture and Translation [M ]． Shanghai；Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press ， l 9 99 ： l 2 4 -l 2 6 ．

[ 8]Stodolsky， S．S ，＆ Grossman，P ．L．The im pactof Subjectm atter oncurricular activity ：A n analysis offive aeademic q ,Ub i ects[ J]．American E d—ucational Research Journal ， 1994，32( 2) ：227- 24 9．

[9]Sengupta, Mahasweta. Translation, Colonialism and Poetics: Rabindranath Tagore in Two World, in Translation, History and Culture. Pinter Publishers, London and New York, p. 56- 63, 1990.

[10] Rebecca L. Oxford. LANGUAGE LEARNING STRATEGIES . NEWBURY HOUSE PUB-LISHERS. 

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