1.4 The Structure of the Thesis 

This thesis is composed of six chapters.

As an introductive part, Chapter One presents the research background, Research Object,The Significance of the Study and structure of the thesis. 

Chapter Two : reviews relevant studies on Skopos Theory in China and aboard. 

Chapter Three : Overview of Skopos Theory.

Chapter Four :Problems Analysis of Scenic-spot Introduction.

Chapter Five:A Practical Analysis of the C-E Translation of  Scenic Spots 

Chapter Six:Conclusion.

2.Literature Review.

The tourist translation is increasingly attracting academic attention nowadays. Some scholars focus on the macroscopic orientation of the study on culture and tourism, while some others do the research into the practice of tourist translation, etc. This chapter will outline the studies on the tourist translation at home and abroad.

2.1 Relevant Studies in China 

In recent years, with the advancement of tourism, an increasing number of tourist materials have been translated into English and more translators have started their studies on tourist materials.Yuan Qiong (2003) in Primary Exploration of the C-E Tourist Translation discussed the tourist translation from the cultural perspective. She holds that culture is the soul of tourism and translation strategies should combine foreignization and domestication together. Lai Shaohua (2003) in On Tourism Culture and Translation made fundamental principles of C-E translation. The dominant factor is Chinese culture and consideration should be given to readers' acceptability as well. We should seek common ground and properly handle differences when interpreting cultural implication. Zhang Shenjun(2009) in The Exploration of the C-E Tourist Translation from the Perspective of Relevance Theory advocates translation is a process of bidirectional Ostensive Inferential Communication  based  on  Relevance  Theory.  In  order  to  achieve  successful communication, translators could adopt translation methods like adding, omitting or rewriting if these methods meet the criteria of optimal relevance. Gao Jinling (2003: 100) in  The  C-E Translation of Landscape Description in Tourist Materials From the Perspective  of Aesthetic  Differences  Between  East  and  West  holds  that  fully understanding  different  aesthetic  perspectives  is  essential  for  successful  scenery description translation. Jia Wenbo(2003: 20-22) in Importance of National Aesthetic Differences in Tourist Translation states that national aesthetic differences are important,in tourist translation from the standpoint of tourist aesthetics. Chen Gang (2004) in Tourist Translation and Foreign Tour Guides first introduced highly directive western translation theories to tourist translation. He says that commonly used theories applied to tourist translation mainly refer to the applied  translation theories,Newmark  and  functionalist  translation  approaches  which  could tranclatinn especially Nida,apply  to  tourist translation.Kang Ning (2005: 85-89) approaches the tourist translation from the perspective of textual function.The C-E tourist translation was also studied by comparing parallel texts,the author attempts to point out the mistakes of Scenic Spots' Introduction and put forward some strategies translated English versions in the Chinese to from the perspective of English native improve the translation quality of Scenic Spots' Introduction. Through the comparative study of parallel texts, C-E translation can be conducted specifically so as to open up a new route of empirical research for tourist translation

2.2 Relevant Studies Abroad

Studies on tourist translation are also carried out in foreign countries.

Gutt claims that the translation of tourist texts is not really translation from the perspective of  translation and relevance but called so only through loose usage of the term by discussing the issue in the English translation of a German tourist booklet. He argues that such texts or utterances are within the ``descriptive use"(Gutt, 2000: 61)of language in inter-lingual communication, which is regarded as non-translation in that"there is no necessary relationship between the SL and the TL texts. The existence of the SL is incidental rather than crucial to the communicative act"(2000: 58). Nida (1991:1 10) claims that "for truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meanings in terms of the cultures in which they function." As to the function of translation, it is well-known that tourist materials imply cultural messages, and one of the important motivators for potential tourists is to experience new cultures(Swarbrooke&Homer, 2003: 54). 

As Reiss’ student, Hans J. Vermeer makes a breakthrough by putting forward his 

famous Skopos Theory which is considered as the landmark of functionalist approach 

to translation. The word Skopos is “a technical term for the aim or purpose of a translation” (Vermeer, 2000:221). It is the purpose of the translation that determines the translation strategies to be adopted. In addition, Vermeer puts forward three rules in Skopos Theory, namely, the skopos rule, the coherence rule and the fidelity rule. 

Justa Holz Manttari further develops the functional theory by broadening the concept of translation, including all kinds of cross-cultural transformation such as texts, pictures, sounds, body language etc. She emphasizes three aspects—the translation process, the role played by the participants and the environment in which the translation takes place. Justa Holz Manttari’s theory of translational action provides the foundation Hans J. Vermeer’s Skopos Theory. Meanwhile, it shares some similarities with Skopos Theory: approaching translation functionally, considering translation as a process of intercultural communication and viewing the end product as a text which can function appropriately in specific situations and contexts (Baker, 2004:238). 

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