According to skopos theory, translation brief is the instructions and requirements by the initiator or commissioner, which includes the purpose(s) of the target text, the time, the target text reader(s), the place of text reception, occasion, and the medium. Observing requirements in the translation brief can better serve the target readers and commissioners of the tasks, so that the translators will also get better feedback.

3.3 Culture-specificity

Language is a tool to express certain culture, while culture also has fixed rules for its language. This requires the translators to consider the factors of cultural distinctiveness or culture-specificity. The source text author and the translator have different priorities for different culture-specificity. That may cause deviation of culture-specificity for target readers. Therefore, before translation, an intensive study

of the culture-specificity is necessary.In the study of C-E translation, an intensive study of the culture-specificity in English PSSI is a must. 

3.4 Application of Skopos Rule to the Tourist Translation

The translation of tourism literature has two purposes: attracting foreign visitors and publicizing Chinese culture. The former requires the translator to adapt the original information to the target readers while the latter requires him to try to maintain the cultural information. And these two purposes determine that the translation tourism literature has two characteristics. One is that the translator should consider the readability and acceptability of the target text; the other is that the wording and phrasing should be precise, reflecting the original content and language style adequately and objectively. It seems that the two characteristics are in contradiction

with each other. For solving this problem so that a balance can be reached between the translator’ s two directions, a rule should be used to direct this kind of translation and diminish the contradiction to the utmost. The key theory “ Skopos Theory’ of functionalist approaches is recommended by many scholars to deal with the difficulties in the translation of tourism literature.

3.5 Summary

Through elaborating on the development and the basic concepts of Skopos Theory,

this chapter demonstrates a positive role of Skopos Theory in directing the methods forC-E translation of the scenic spot introduction. As the core of functionalism, Skopos Theory embodies the essence of functionalism. It states that translation activity is more than a one-to-one language transfer. Instead, it is a complicated process with clear purposes(Nord, 2001).Traditional equivalence-based approaches may have difficulty in explaining and solving the complex phenomenon in the translation of the scenic spot introduction. However, Skopos Theory is more applicable in this aspect because it emphasizes the purpose of translation. As is said by Chen Xiaowei(2000: 9), it offers a new perspective for both translation study and practice, and also eva luates the translation course in a more substantial and humanistic way. 

4. Problems Analysis of Scenic-spot Introduction

Based  on  skopos  theory,  translation  problems  are  classified  into  five types: linguistic  translation  problems,  pragmatic  translation  problems, cultural  translation problems, text-specific  translation  problems and Mistakes in expression (Nord,  1997)  Such  categorization  is also  applicable  to  Shaanxi  PSSI  translation  problems.  Here  the  author  conducts  a problems analysis from the former four aspects. 

4.1 Linguistic Translation Problems

Christian  Nord  once  states  in  her  Functional  Approach  to  Translation: “Linguistic  translation  problems  arise  from  structural  differences  in  the  vocabulary, syntax and suprasegmental features of the two languages” (1997). In light of this, the author  divides  linguistic  translation  problems  into  grammatical  problems  and  lexical problems including misspelling and poor diction.

Lexical Problems 

4.1.1.Misspelling 

Misspelling  problems  include  wrong  letters  and  misuse  of  capitalized  letters. Most of these problems are due to carelessness of the translators. Though they are easy to  be  corrected,  they  may  make  a  bad  impression  on  the  international  visitors.  This kind of the mistakes should be the last ones translators make. 

Example : 

Chinese:  革命圣地 

English: Scared Land  

Suggested version: Sacred Land 

In  the  above  examples,  wrong  letter  is  used  and  capitalized  letter  is  misused. 

Problems  of  this  kind  are  widespread . As  long  as  the  translator becomes more serious, these mistakes could be avoided. 

4.1.2Poor Diction 

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