2.3 Summary

The researches discussed above are instructive and enlightening for future studies in this field. But a lot of work is left undone. Few researchers explore  tourism texts translation within a theoretical framework. Several researches describe the translation scenic spots within a certain theoretical framework, but they lack explanatory adequacy, for questions remain regarding why a term should be translated this way or that way. This thesis is intended to fill the gap and broaden the frontier of the relevant research in future. The key theory “ Skopos Theory”of functionalist approaches is recommended by many scholars to deal with the difficulties in the translation of tourism literature.

3.Overview of Skopos Theory

Translation studies aim to set up the relationship between translation and a diversity of perspectives that comprise human culture. Knowledge of translational theories is essential to practical translators, as constant research is an act of expanding one's accumulation  of solutions  to  specific  translation  problems.  Directed  by  specific theoretical foundations, translators make justified decisions concerning why a given text should be translated in one pattern instead of another. This thesis aims at analyzing the C-E translation of the scenic spot introduction from the perspective of Skopos Theory.

3.1Basic Concepts of Skopos Theory

The Skopos theory is an approach to translation which was put forward by Hans Vemeer and developed in Germany in the late 1970s and which oriented a more functionally and socioculturally concept of translation. Translation is considered not as a process of translation, but as a specific form of human action. In our mind, translation has a purpose, and the word “Skopos” was from Greek. It‟s used as the technical term for the purpose of the translation. In the frame work of this theory, one of the most important factors determining the purpose of a translation is the address, who is the intended receiver or audience of the target text with their world language. Every translation is directed at an intended audience. The theory focuses above all on the purpose of the translation, which determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Vermeer regards it as an “offer of information” that is partly or wholly turned into an “offer of information” for the target audience.

Skopos theory is the nucleus of German Functional School. The main idea of Skopos theory is that translators should hold the thought from the perspective of the target readers during the process of translation. Therefore, translators should bear in mind what the function of translation text is, what the target readers' demand is and even what communicative situation is. Consequently, the choice of translation strategies is decided by the purpose of the translation text,in order to achieve a better function text.    

 

3.2 Important Rules 

There are some rules which are the most important things in accordance with Skopos

Theory. When translating, translators should obey the following basic rules, namely,

"Skopos rule", "coherence rule" and "fidelity rule" .

3.2.1Skopos Rule   

Skopos is a Greek word for"aim"or"purpose". "The top-ranking rule for any translation is thus the'skopos rule',which means that a translation action is determined by its skopos;that is,'the end justifies the means'"by Reiss and Vermeer. Vermeer also stresses on many occasions that the skopos rule is a general rule,and translation strategies and methods are determined by the purpose and the intended function of the target text.   

3.2.2Coherence Rule     

The Coherence rule is another important rule of Skopos Theory, which specifies that

the target text "must be interpretable as coherent with the target text receiver's situation"That is to say, the target text should make sense and be adequately understandable in the communicative situation so as to facilitate the target receiver's comprehension. Translators should abide by the ethnic principles in the target language,taking into account the receptors' background and reproduce the source text in an acceptable and understandable way to the information provided in target reader.

3.2.3Fidelity Rule   

 

Translation is a preceding offer of information. It is expected to bear some relationship with the corresponding source text.Vermeer calls this relationship "inter-textual coherence" or "fidelity". This is postulated as a further principle, referred to as the "fidelity rule" by Reiss and Vermeer in 1984.The fidelity rule merely states that there must be coherence between the translated version and the source text.  

3.2.4The Relationship among the Rules     

The three rules have been explained in detail. Now let us see the relationship between them. According to Nord (2001)，fidelity rule is considered subordinate to coherence rule, and both are subordinate to the skopos rule.  In other words, fidelity rule is based on coherence rule and both fidelity rule and coherence rule are based on skopos rule which is regarded as the top-ranking and general rule in the process of translation.

3.3.5The Translation Brief

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以上为本篇毕业论文范文On the Translation of Scenic Spots' Introduction(四)的介绍部分。

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